Poetic Perceptions of Death Essay - 3253 Words

Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) and Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) are two of the most well known poets of the 19th century. Tennyson, described as â€Å"the leading poet of the Victorian Age† and Dickinson, described as â€Å"one of America’s greatest poets† both won most of acclaim thanks to their strong ideas on death. Death is a common theme in any eras but it took a particular significance in the 19th century , especially in literature. As intense poets, both Dickinson and Tennyson shared their innermost views regarding death, particularly seen in Tennyson’s â€Å"Mariana†, â€Å"Crossing the Bar† and Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I could not stop for death† and â€Å"Behind me—dips Eternity.† In â€Å"Because I could not stop for death† and â€Å"Behind me—dips Eternity†,†¦show more content†¦Hallam and Tennyson had a very deep relationship tracing back to Cambridge, 1829 and so, when Hallam died, Tennyson entered a state of perpetual sorrow. As a tribute, Tennyson â€Å"wrote In Memoriam A.H.H . for his best friend† as an attempt to come to terms with his sudden death. In some of his other poems about death, such â€Å"Mariana†, Tennyson relates the idea of desperation, and sadness with the idea of death. This is most likely because the death of Hallam had such a powerful impact on Tennyson that Tennyson constantly refers to his own desolation as a way to come to terms with the death of his friend and thus this is the connection that Tennyson makes with death. Although â€Å"Mariana† and â€Å"Crossing the Bar† do not appear in â€Å"In Memoriam A.H.H.†, they both mirror aspects found in â€Å"In Memoriam A.H.H.† such as the strong tone of dejection (in early Canto’s such as Canto VII) and acceptance (in later Canto’s such as Canto LXXXVI). For example, in â€Å"Mariana†, a poem that was partly inspired by Shakespeare’s â€Å"Measure for Measure†, Tennyson attempts to capture the persona’s inner feelings of despondency. Tennyson mainly does this by describing the persona, Mariana, in such a state of forlorn that she begins to almost desire death, specifically seen in the refrain, as it may be the onlyShow MoreRelatedAt Mornington, A Poem by Gwen Harwood750 Words   |  3 Pageshas effectively used poetic techniques such as construction; vivid imagery and the context of her own life to explore this idea and contributed to the textual integrity of the piece. 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For instance theatrical practices where boys adopt ‘the costume and gestures of femininity may cause real detriment to their masculinity. The related charge in the ‘mother of lies or ‘nurse of abuse passage from Defense conflates poetic invention with deceit, femininity and amorality. Whilst this passage is introducedRead MoreSylvia Plath Mad Girls Love Song Analysis1487 Words   |  6 Pagesundergraduate college student. The poem is written in the villanelle poetic form of which it reflects not only the rigorous fixed format, nineteen-line with two repeating rhymes and two refrains but also the melancholic tone and rhythm of the traditional dance song—in vogue in Italy and France during the sixteenth century—in which its roots lie. The title itself offers a plausible explanation for choosing the villanelle poetic form, which strict metric certainly helps to convey the sense of tormentRead MoreAnalysis Of Dorothy Parker s One Perfect Rose1311 Words   |  6 Pagespre-existing conventions which are most frequently used in the poetic form of an elegy. A form which is often utilised in modern literature and serves the purpose of melancholy reflection, and is typically a lament for the dead. This is a significant element to One Perfect Rose as Parker ironically juxtaposes the romantic imagery in her language, against the poems structure which has conflicting prior connotations of death and burial. It is the poetic form’s brevity which enables this structural irony, asRead MoreAdrienne Rich Twenty One Love Poem1053 Words   |  5 Pagesoppression of women and lesbians to the forefront of poetic discourse. Rich s poetics depends on a reader s experience of her poetry. It is an event of cultural engagement in which the poems, resonating with and against each other, urges the reader to test various hermeneutic and ideological stances, and it requires the dialogic interaction among poet, poem, reader, and cultural context. For these reasons, the reader is indispensable to Rich s feminist poetics. I believe the readers are the ones to perceive

Paper Ratio and Financial Statement Analysis - 2682 Words

Benefits and Limitations of Ratio and Financial Statement Analysis July 25, 2013 MGMT640 Executive Summary In corporate finance, both ratio and financial statement analysis are important tools that can be used in order to assess a company’s strength financially. They can be used in order to forecast a business’ prospective cash flow and ability to grow in the future, as well as a company’s strengths and weaknesses. Income statements, balance sheets, the statement of retained earnings, and the statement of cash flows are the four primary types of financial statements used in corporate finance. All of these financial statements serve to analyze a firm’s†¦show more content†¦For a firm, such as Microsoft, its revenue would come from products such as the computers, phones, tablets, and software it sells to consumers. On the other hand, for a consulting firm, such as Accenture, revenues would stem from the fees it charges for its consulting services contracts with various government agencies around the world. Both companies are providing a product to a cons umer, one simply happens to be a tangible product that people buy, while the other is a service product that agencies need for their functionality. Expenses are the costs a firm incurs while generating its revenues (Parrino, 2011). For Microsoft, expenses would stem from the costs of building its products, marketing them, developing new products, shipping them around the world, etc. For Accenture, expenses would stem from the cost of all of its consultants, which includes their wages, insurance, company laptops it provides to each of them, travel costs for sending consultants around the world on projects, etc. Again both types of firms exhibit expenses; some of them are just different. Net income shows the company’s revenue relative to its expenses. If revenues exceeds expenses then the company has a net profit and is â€Å"in the black† for that time period (Parrino, 2011). On the other hand, if expenses exceed revenues then the company has a net loss and is â€Å"in the red† for that time period (Parrino, 2011). By looking at financialShow MoreRelatedRatio and Financial Ratio Analyisis1712 Words   |  7 PagesRatio and Financial Statements Analysis Kimberly Y. Gruber University of Maryland University College Dr. Sunando Sengupta 07/25/2013 Turnitin Score: 23% Executive Summary The purpose of this paper is to examine ratio and financial statement analysis. 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Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare Two of the characters fathers are brutishly murdered. The first murdered character is King Hamlet who is supposed to be revenge by his son prince Hamlet. The second murder is Polonius who is supposed to be revenged by his son Laertes. Both Prince Hamlet and Laertes go to seek revenge for the death of fathers, however they will each use different methods to accomplish their deeds. Prince Hamlet has a meeting with the dead ghost of his father King Hamlet. King Hamlets ghost reveals to his son, his murder by his brother Claudius. Hamlet is informed by his father that he needs to be avenged by the death of his brother Claudius. By this time Claudius has already ascended the throne, and married Hamlets mother Queen Gertrude. Hamlet decides to take a passive approach to avenge his father. Hamlet first decides to act abnormal which does not accomplish much besides warning his uncle that he might know he killed his father. Later in the play a troop of actors come to act out a play, and Hamlet has them reenact the murder of is father in front of his uncle Claudius. The actors murder scene also make Hamlet question himself about the fact that he has done nothing yet to avenge his father. Hamlet says But am I Pigeon-livered and lack gall / To make oppression bitter, or ere this / I should ha fatted all the region kites / With this slaves offal. Bloody, bawdy villain! ( Act II scene 2 page 84 line 577- 580 ). During the play Hamlet watches is uncle Claudius to see his reaction when the actors perform the murder scene. Hamlet plan works his uncle throws a fit and runs out the room, where Hamlet goes after him. When Hamlet catches up to his uncle his uncle is kneeling down praying, and Hamlet pulls out his sword and gets ready to kill him. But all the sudden Hamlet changes his mind because if he kills his uncle while hes praying he will go to heaven, and Hamlet wants him to go to hell. So hamlet postpones the execution of his uncle. The next confrontation does not happen till the end of the book when Hamlet escapes from his uncles ill murder attempt on his life. Hamlet later sword fences with Laertes. All the sudden Hamlets mother Queen Gertrude drinks a poison glass intended for Hamlet. When Hamlet is not looking Laertes stabs him with a poison sword then Hamlet takes hold of the poisoned sword, and stabs Laertes with it. As this happens Queen Gertrude dies from the poison drink. As Laertes lays down dying he reveals to Hamlet that his uncle King Claudius was behind it all, the poisoned sword and drink that has just killed his mother. Hamlet then in a fit of rage runs his uncle through with the poison sword. Hamlet has now finally revenged his father through much time then after his task is completed he finally collapses from the poison on the sword. Polonius is murdered by Hamlet when Polonius his discovered listening to Hamlet, and his mothers Queen Gertrude conversation . Hamlet unknowing of who the person behind the tapestry is, kills Polonius from where he was spying. When news of his fathers death reaches Poloniuss son Laertes, he comes back with an entourage to seek revenge for his fathers death. In this conversation Laertes believes Hamlets uncle King Claudius is responsible for his fathers death. How came he dead? Ill not be juggled with. / To hell, allegiance! Vows, to the blackest devil! / Conscience and grace, to the profoundest pit! / I dare damnation. To this point I stand, / That both the worlds I give to negligence, / Let come what comes, only Ill be revenged / Most thoroughly for my father. ( Act IV scene 5 page 134 line 133-139 ) Laertes takes a more aggressive stand point than Hamlet Laertes is ready to kill the king right away thinking that he murdered his father. .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df , .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df .postImageUrl , .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df , .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df:hover , .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df:visited , .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df:active { border:0!important; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df:active , .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1cdfc19cf08ee4b291e6930ea3e0f4df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysing the Marketing Strategy of PepsiCo Inc Essay But king Claudius tells Laertes that Hamlet is the one who killed his father. King Claudius

The Nature of Knowledge Work and Knowledge Workers

The nature of knowledge work and knowledge workers Knowledge management involves discovering, developing, exploiting, and offering the knowledge contained within and without the organizations premises. By use of relevant management process, the management is able to cater for current and future requirements of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Nature of Knowledge Work and Knowledge Workers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Knowledge work is the type of work that calls for specialized knowledge and skills, in such works, there would be need for creating a new knowledge for the activity to continue. The major difference between the knowledge work and physical labor is that the knowledge work is based on creating more knowledge for the worker to create some values in his activities. Knowledge workers are the individuals who have high levels of education specializing on a specific area, and mo st of the time, these workers apply their cognitive skills when about to handle complex situations. The definition of knowledge workers is very broad, and requires different levels of understanding for one to incorporate the meaning. For instance, all sorts of meaningful work are under this category because even activities like cutting hair, hair styling, or other minor works, the workers involved in them have some levels of specialized knowledge about their work. The only difference that is realized is on their productivity and effectiveness with regard to individual’s knowledge. To most of people, knowledge workers are taken to be individuals in the famous professions like lawyers, scientists, teachers, etc. To some extent, some top positions that can also be categorized under such levels include the senior personnel in advertising, insurance, and in project development among many others. As far as the world has diverse activities, many types of jobs are upcoming, which req uire specialized knowledge like musicians, business executives, and even some top officials in government. The works of knowledge workers involve much the interpretation and controlling of information, and at a certain point to come up with new knowledge. This makes it unique from the usual manner of data collection and then processing to obtain the results of the issue in question (Garber, 2003). There is a major difference between knowledge workers and less skilled or white-collar workers, who are destined to a certain work routine, with a specific structure and limitations as well.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the current world, most of people are adopting the qualities of knowledge workers due to the availability of the right resources to perform their activities. The introductions of computer-based technologies in most production companies have facilitated th e practice of knowledge workers with some employees . In most of the factories today, even the lowest levels of employment like factory floor workers requires some knowledge and high tech skills, as most of them are done with machines. The main background of knowledge workers is to handle diverse set of tasks and responsibilities by use of their knowledge and creation of a new knowledge. In the current working conditions, there are two main types of knowledge workers such as knowledge executors and knowledge generators. Knowledge executors are those groups of workers who make use of the existing knowledge by controlling the information through processes conceived by others (Davenport, Prusak, 2007). Knowledge generators, come up with new knowledge by controlling information to come up with a new resolution to a certain challenge, or rather introduce new concepts or products in that matter. Although these two are the known types of knowledge workers, it is hard to fix a certain work er to one category and fit there completely. This is because the entire knowledge work involves both activities, but you will find that some jobs use much of knowledge execution than knowledge generation and at times vice versa. How knowledge work and workers may be hindered or helped in an organization There are various ways through which knowledge workers and knowledge work can be helped or hindered in an organization. These workers are referred to as knowledge workers due to their high levels of education and experience, and their main activity in working involves more creation ok knowledge. Some of the main factors in an organization that may end up supporting knowledge workers and knowledge work are the learning culture of the organization, some human resource practices like reward systems, and the organization performance.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Nature of Knowledge Work and Knowledge Workers specifically for you for only $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More Any organization that is in need of attracting and retaining knowledge workers to their organization must be concerned to some important issues such as wants, their desires at their working conditions, ways to motivate them, manage their goals, and considering their values in work. The most important aspect that knowledge workers require in any organization is autonomy (Holtom, Mitchell, Lee, 2006). These workers should have a free and personal control of their lives and their activities. This applies to all sorts of knowledge workers despite they are working in large or small institutions. As long as this worker is in possession of inbuilt sense of self-worthiness and he or she is specialized in his professions. Managing knowledge workers has been taken as a challenge always due to the need for personal self-control. These workers require the freedom of choosing where to work, the resources that they need for their work, and most probably set t heir targets at the end of a certain period. Workers and other top managers know that organization is a place with many opportunities for growth especially in knowledge (De Geus, 2002). Knowledge workers should be given the available opportunities to develop and advance their knowledge and experience. Mostly, the advancement of technology is also calling for more experienced and knowledgeable workers, and that is why they should be given such opportunities to face those challenges in a better way. When such opportunities arise, the management as well as the workers should take them positively. Knowledge workers contribute positively to the growth and development of the company, and hence should be motivated daily to keep their productivity high and feel satisfied when performing their duties (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). The major theme behind keeping the spirit of the workers high is to maintain their value to the business. Lack of motivational practices in any organization, may r esult to serious negative implications to the business. That is why the human resource department puts all the efforts to ensure workers are treated well. In most of the researches done in various organizations, it is evident that employees, who are regularly motivated, deliver their best in their productivity.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to various motivational programs that are practiced in various organizations, the high advanced organizations also, make use of motivational games for their employees (Jamrog, 2004). Most of the knowledge workers get involved in serious and tiresome activities that require some form of refreshment. By such games, employees are motivated and at the same time, fun is included into their busy lives. The management can inspire its workers through practice of motivational games that are meant to be among the organizations sources of happiness. The combination of inspired and happy workers is a clear picture of an organization that is ready to benefit from its workers. When workers are practicing these motivational games, they interact with one another from the top most to juniors and work as a team. Such activities promote the spirit of teamwork a great deal, something that is very crucial to any developing organization (Coleman, 2003). The tactics of practicing teamwork are learnt through such activities. Workers come from various backgrounds that are different from one another, and the use of games contributes positively in promoting the concepts of teamwork for the people who have different views. In most of organizations, puzzle games are the ones played by the workers, whereby employees are divided into small groups, and are given some puzzles to solve. The group that provides the solution within the stipulated time first gets the reward. Tug-o-war is another popular game among the employees that involves two groups of people pulling the rope each on their side (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). The group that manages to pull the full rope on their side is declared as the winner. Other motivational games that are played by employees include blindfolded obstacle, balloon blowing, talk all the way etc. The interaction part of the employees is the one mostly promoted by use of motivational games. Motivational games assist in removing the ice between diffe rent groups, and employees get a good opportunity of knowing each other in a better way. Some employees get a good chance of portraying their hidden potential and talents that may have help to them, and to the organization as a whole. The role of HR in supporting knowledge work and motivating knowledge workers In any organization, it the role of the human resource management to ensure that there are policies to support knowledge work, and on the other hand motivate knowledge employees. Some of the commonly practices that are used by the human resource managers are recognition of the workers, incentives, provision of interpersonal support, setting clear goals for them etc. knowledge worker motivation is very crucial due to improving individual performances hence the overall group productivity. When the human resource manager fails to motivate the workers, the productivity of the organization may decline with time (Glebbeek, Bax, Erik, 2004). When a worker if found to meet his or dea dlines, and the output is of quality, such a worker should be recognized among the rest. It depends with the policies of every organization, on how best to recognize such a worker. In some organizations, such workers are rewarded in front of his or her colleagues as a way of motivating the rest also to perform better. Through recognition, the best performer gets the morale of even performing better and better. On the other hand, those who were not recognized put extra efforts to ensure that they also receive recognition during the next period. Through this process, it is evident that all the workers feel needed, appreciated and of much value to the entire organization. Knowledge workers are not just like any other worker; they are a rare commodity and an important asset of the organization (Delery, 2008). If they are not made to feel that they are valued in the organization, they may end up quitting and joining other organizations. They are technical personnel who have the most esse ntial techniques of handling issues. In some cases, if they may fail to work, it means the production may be affected as they use their own experience and knowledge. Whenever a problem arises within an organization, knowledge workers should be given the necessary support and resources to ensure that they handle their challenges amicably. The way an organization sets its goals may be a factor to determine the effectiveness of a knowledge worker. The human resource management should set achievable goals for these workers, and targets that are practically achievable. Although they are the most paid in any organization, their targets should not be set so high to compromise their salaries (Holtom, Mitchell Lee, 2006). High targets that are hard to achieve may end up de-motivating these workers, and hence lower the productivity of the organization. The management should increase the goals systematically, for instance, what they have achieved in one month should be increased relatively to be the target for the following month. Their work involves much thinking, and several incidences that require creativity. When they work for long without a break, they may probably lower their productivity; it is the responsibility of the human resource management to come up with an applicable policy, on how these knowledge workers would be breaking to take a rest. Giving workers days off and leaves whenever necessary is a better way of ensuring that they relax, and resume their work when they are relaxed. Incase an organization is undertaking a certain project, and the key people who are leading the project are the knowledge workers, it is important for the human resource management or the supervisors to follow up the progress. These workers should not be left alone during such serious projects, but the management should show their concern by making follow-ups and enquiring of any needed resources to make it a success (De Geus, 2002). Through this, these workers feel cared for and an important part of the organization. Other factors that the management should cater for when motivating knowledge workers are punctuality, and willingness to attain the targets. A good working environment is another form of motivation, whereby workers love coming to work and enjoy attending to their duties. The culture and the working environment of a working place determine a lot on the characters and leadership styles that one possesses. The culture of an organization influences much the behaviors of workers. The actions and the behaviors of the workers depend on the styles that they adopt and get used to (De Geus, 2002). The three mainly compelling aspects in motivation are achievement, affiliation, and authority related motivation. This brings out the fact that different managers have different motivational drives. It does not matter a lot, on what the manager may be applying to motivate the workers, but the most important thing is to ensure, the comfort of the workers within the organization. These knowledge workers require both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. These two types of motivation are very important to any worker, as he or she would be able to deliver the best to the management. Intrinsic motivation is internally derived, because of benefits that one receives from his or her work (De Geus, 2002). Once they accept the fact that their work is wonderful and its benefitting them, the extrinsic motivation may then drive them further. The human resource managers activate the intrinsic motivation within workers, by offering them a specific purpose or an objective that they are passionate. It is always advantageous to the organization, when the management presents the most challenging activities to the internally motivated workers, because they will definitely perform better. Both types of motivation are very essential to workers as well as to the entire organization. Currently, most of the organizations are using creative visualization to give po wer to individual workers, through which one can observe and realize the ideas and images related to the set objectives (Coleman, 2003). Although workers are motivated to put extra efforts for their rewards, incentives, and other material gains, managers should bear in mind that material things are not everything as far as the relationship of workers and organization are concerned. The rewarding systems should be done accordingly, depending on the needs and desires of workers. This is when recognition and appreciation gain more value in worker motivation than any material gains. The human resource management is one of major resources within any organization that is relied upon for growth and profitability. For any organization to maximize the productivity of its workers, it is advisable to concentrate on two most important concepts of personal employee motivation and the working environment of the workers (Delery, 2008). Through goals, projects and allocation of interesting activiti es to the workers, it is a clear way of promoting the enthusiasm of workers to deliver fully in that responsibility. The act of recognizing every employee who is taking part in a certain project is very crucial in an organization. Rewarding and appreciating workers verbally is a known tip of improving their morale as well as their productivity. Another strategy that human resource management would employ to motivate their workers is by making the working environment wonderful. A good and encouraging working environment is one where all workers are treated in a fair manner without any form of discrimination (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). Respect is an important virtue to be practiced in an entire organization. The duties and any contribution by a worker should be treated with much respect, to ensure workers have the right to exercise their freedom of expression. In some of organization, workers are provided with a place, where they can express their feelings, ideas, recommendations, complain, etc. Praising employees for something good they have done is known to increase their efforts and productivity as well. When it comes to praising workers for their efforts and success use of simple words can be applicable. It is researched that some people do not put any value to simple words like â€Å"well done†, â€Å"good job† etc. some managers tend to think that praising someone should be associated with rewards and gifts (Garvin, 2006). Several studies have proved the importance of expressing appreciation by words of mouth especially from a manager to the workers. Such an issue makes workers to feel appreciated and of much value to the organization. Praises are good attributes that should never be ignored by any organization that is looking forward to thrive, because when used wisely, they can benefit an organization greatly. It is a good exercise for the human resource management to exercise free communication with the workers. Good and free communicat ion is one of the motivational factors that are known to increase workers productivity. Through clear communication, workers get a good chance of understanding their responsibilities, and on the other hand feel motivated to achieve their targets (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). Along with motivational tips, human resource management should put into consideration such factors like good working conditions, and reasonable working environment. There is another important moment when workers motivation is very essential, that is during recession. Mostly, every organization at one time or the other is affected by recession, and during such periods, it is always necessary for an organization to motivate its workers (Delery, 2008). During such economic downturns, it also becomes extremely hard period for the workers as they are affected due to decrease in their salaries, and others fear to be laid off. This is a time when the entire organization is filled with anxiety from the top management t o the lowest level of management. It becomes hard for the workers to believe that their jobs are secured; such incidences make some workers to start looking for some other opportunities. If such challenges are not handled carefully, things may get out of control, and the situation in an organization may become worse than expected (Jamrog, 2004). Once workers start imagining that their job is no longer secured, they fail even to deliver what they are expected, and productivity decreases with time. It has proved to be a hard practice of motivating workers during recession, but it is never impossible, as some managers tend to think. Recession is a time when an organization is supposed to prove its ability to remain in the market with its workers intact. This is the time for the human resource management to remain open and honest to the workers by explaining why and how things are happening, the likely consequences of the situation, and the best way through which hardships will be overc ome. Hiding the worse situations and their outcomes from the workers may be a way of putting them off, and indirectly lowering their productivity (Cassselman, Samson, 2007). The best way of handling workers during such periods is for the human resource management to air things as they appear, and present their expectations as they wait for things to get back to normal. Showing panic or having gloomy forecasts may not be necessary during such periods, as the managers should prove that everything is under control. Showing panic may result to employees fear and lack of morale of performing their duties. The efforts of top leaders should be the best example to the rest of the workers; the leaders should create a positive environment during such hard periods as a way of motivating the rest. Other most important factors that may keep workers motivated during recession are by coming up with suitable strategies, and creating open lines of communication. The entire management should put its focus on future developments and minimize the gossips concerning the situation (Lubit, 2001). The use of team days is another that human resource management may apply to motivate workers. This is whereby a day is fixed and employees are invited to meet at a certain point away from the office probably in a resort (Hoopes Postrel, 2004). During such days, workers are allowed to interact with one another, whereby they are made to understand their responsibilities and consult whenever some clarification are needed to clear any form of misunderstanding. If both workers and the management team understand what is expected of them, it would be easier for everyone to handle his or her responsibilities. Working guidelines are very important as they set the boundaries that one is supposed to be restrained. The set boundaries are very essential part of work, and they should be made clear to every worker to understand what they should do, and what they should not do. When any worker knows, wha t he or she should do or not to do makes workers to prepare in advance on how best to execute their duties and responsibilities. During team days, individual feedbacks is given to workers to open a chance of discussing all their challenges, and factors that are likely to de-motivate them, incase there is any (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). The most important thing to be known by all managers is that motivation is not something to be attained by one day, but a long time process. Motivational practices are supposed to be an ongoing process, which should be practiced for some years for the organization to get used and offer it effectively. Other things are taken as simple by management but they have a great impact to the worker. Just a simple smile can be a great motivator given by a manager to a worker that can make him or her feel better and even improve their productivity. In addition, the application of effective leadership and management can perform the responsibilities of motivati ng workers well. Bibliography Cassselman, R. M., Samson, D. (2007), â€Å"Aligning Knowledge Strategy and  Knowledge Capabilities.† Technology Analysis Strategic Management, Volume 19:1: 69-81. Coleman, J.S. (2003), â€Å"Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.† American Journal of Sociology, Volume 94: 95-120. Davenport, T.H., Prusak, L. (2007), Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage  What They Know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. De Geus, A. (2002), The Living Company, Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Delery, J. E. (2008), â€Å"Issues of Fit in Strategic Human Research Management:  Implications for Research.† Human Resource Management Review, Volume 8:3: 289-309. Garber, M. A. (2003), Intent to Stay. Dissertation Abstracts International, DAI-A, Volume 64:5: 1746 (AAT 3092848). Garvin, D. A. (2006), â€Å"Building a Learning Organization.† Harvard Business Review, July-August: 78-91. Glebbeek, A. C., Bax, Erik H. (2 004), â€Å"Is Employee Turnover Really Harmful? An  Empirical Test Using Company Records.† Academy of Management Journal, Volume 47:2: 277-286. Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W. (2006), â€Å"Increasing Human and Social  Capital by Applying Job Embeddedness Theory.† Organizational Dynamics, Volume 35:4: 316-331. Hoopes, D.G., Postrel, S. (2004), â€Å"Shared Knowledge, â€Å"Glitches†, and Product  Development Performance†, Strategic Management Journal, Volume 20:9:837 865. Horwitz, F. M., Heng, C. T., Quazi, H. A. (2003), â€Å"Finders, Keepers? Attracting,  Motivating, and Retaining Knowledge Workers.† Human Resource Management Journal, Volume13:4: 23-44. Jamrog, J. (2004). â€Å"The Perfect Storm: The Future of Retention and Engagement.†Ã‚  Human Resource Planning, Volume 27:3: 26-33. Little, S., Ray, T. (2005), Managing knowledge: an essential reader, New York: SAGE. Lubit, R. (2001). â€Å"Tacit Knowledge and Know ledge Management: The Keys to  Sustainable Competitive Advantage.† Organizational Dynamics, Volume 29: 4: 164-178. Oswick, R. (2010), Interorganizational relationship: Organizational Theory and Design,  New York: Cengage Learning. This assessment on The Nature of Knowledge Work and Knowledge Workers was written and submitted by user Brandon Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Relative Clause ESL Lesson for Specific Purposes

Relative Clause ESL Lesson for Specific Purposes Relative clauses are used to describe the noun naming the process or position when discussing tasks that need to be completed, or explaining how certain things work. The ability to use relative clauses easily is important to all English learners, but perhaps even more important to those wanting to use English in their workplaces. For example, salespeople need to explain and define anything relating to the use of the goods or services being sold. The Instaplug is a device that allows you to use any type of outlet throughout the world.Our Ontime Service is a type of consulting which allows you to access consulting services 24/7.The Sansolat Tile is a roofing tile which reflects sunlight in order to keep air conditioning costs down. Another example would be of the use of relative clauses to describe people at work: Youll need to speak to Mr. Adams who is ​in  charge of vacation and sick leave requests.Jack Wanders is the union organizer who represents this region.We need consultants who can travel anywhere on 24-hour notice. This lesson plan focuses on helping students learn to use relative clauses to discuss important issues at work such as who works with them, various types of work and workplaces, as well as describing goods or services manufactured or provided by their employer. Aim Building confidence in using relative clauses to describe goods, services, personnel and other related workplace situations. Activity Sentence matching, followed by guided writing exercise Level Intermediate to advanced English for Specific Purposes learners Outline Introduce students to the topic of using relative clauses by asking a few questions such as:How would you describe a blue collar worker?Whats full time work?Who is a consultant?What is a computer lab?These questions should elicit a number of responses, hopefully a few with competent use of relative clauses. Make sure to rephrase student answers throughout using relative clauses to help inductively introduce the idea of relative clause use. For example:Oh, full time work is a type of work which takes place for at least 40 hours a week.Good, yes, a consultant is someone who provides services and advice to a company on a contractual basis. etc.Once you have completed this warm-up, write four sentences on the board. Use one sentence with a relative clause referring a person with that and one with who. The other two sentences should refer to things; one beginning with that and the other with which. Ask students to point out these differences and explain why which or who is used, as well a s what. As far as is possible, try to coax the students into inductively stating the rules for relative clause use. Ask students to complete the sentences in the exercise below by choosing the two halves that go together and connecting each with a relative pronoun (who, which or that).Check answers as a class.Ask students to imagine ten items or people that are important to them in day-to-day work. Students should first write a list of the ten items / people. On another sheet of paper, ask students to write explanatory sentences using relative clauses.Have students exchange their ten item lists with a partner. Students should then practice explaining these items to each other using relative clauses. Students should not simply read what they have written, but try to use their examples as a starting point. Encourage students to ask probing questions based on the information they hear.Circulate about the room and help students. Once the exercise is finished, go over common mistakes youve heard while listening to student pair work. Matching Halves Match the first half of the sentence in A with the appropriate phrase in B to complete the definition. Use an appropriate relative pronoun (who, which or that) to connect the two sentences. A A supervisor is a personI have difficulties with bossesOffice Suite is a group of programsSuccess on the road can be assisted by the cloudThe human resources director is the liaisonUse the ratchet as a toolInternal office communications are handled by our company forumYoull find that Anita is a personI couldnt get my work done without DarenTaplist is an app B you can contact to resolve contract issues.can tighten a wide variety of nuts and bolts.provides a friendly place to post questions, make comments and discuss issues.I use to keep track of all my mileage, meals and other work expenses.allows me to access documents and other data from a wide range of devices.do not take my point of view into consideration.is willing to help with any problem you may have.assists me with day-to-day tasks.directs employees working in a team.is used for word processing, creating spreadsheets and presentations.

Punctuation of Appositives

Punctuation of Appositives Punctuation of Appositives Punctuation of Appositives By Mark Nichol Consider the sentence â€Å"The site’s editor Mary Smith wrote an opinion on the topic.† The lack of supporting punctuation in the identification of the writer of the opinion is an error. This mistake is common when appositives are involved. An appositive is a word or phrase that is equivalent in meaning to another; in this case, â€Å"the site’s editor† and â€Å"Mary Smith† are different ways of referring to the same person, so they are appositives. (Similarly, in â€Å"The car, a brand-new Tesla, attracted much attention,† â€Å"the car† and â€Å"a brand-new Tesla† are appositives.) â€Å"The site’s editor, Mary Smith, wrote an opinion on the topic† and â€Å"Mary Smith, the site’s editor, wrote an opinion on the topic† both present additional information that is not essential to the sentence (and therefore is set off parenthetically by a pair of commas). Each one also unequivocally identifies Mary Smith as the sole editor of the site. (However, whether that means she is the only person who edits content on the site or she holds the specific position of editor and supervises one or more assistant editors is not certain; it would be better, if the latter is true, for her to hold a more distinctive title, such as â€Å"editor in chief.†) By contrast, the original wording is flawed, in that the appositives, or equivalent phrases, â€Å"the site’s editor† and â€Å"Mary Smith,† butt up against each other without intervening punctuation. (In the preceding sentence, appositives and â€Å"equivalent phrases† are themselves appositives.) The similar-looking but distinct construction in â€Å"Site editor Mary Smith wrote an opinion on the topic,† however, is correct, in that â€Å"site editor† is a job description that is essential to understanding Smith’s role in writing the opinion, rather than a parenthetical explanation that can be omitted. This version, though, also makes it unclear whether Smith is the only editor; is she the editor, or an editor? To indicate the latter, â€Å"Mary Smith, one of the site’s editors, wrote an opinion on the topic† or â€Å"Mary Smith, a site editor, wrote an opinion on the topic† is better. The original problem is related to that inherent in a sentence such as â€Å"John’s sister Jane is getting married.† The sentence may not accurately reflect how many sisters John has. As it is written, Jane is only one of two or more sisters; the lack of a comma between sister and Jane indicates that her name is essential information: The sister of John who is named Jane is getting married. â€Å"John’s sister, Jane, is getting married,† on the other hand, includes an optional parenthesis: John’s sister, whose name is Jane, is getting married. Depending on context, appositives may or may not be set off from each other by commas or other punctuation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point Arc80 Idioms with the Word TimeHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

State Aid Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

State Aid Cases - Essay Example State aid is composed of four components which are vital for it to be considered a state aid. A state aid must be granted by the member state or through its state resources with regard to stated rules. It can be delegated to the department of state like the municipalities or even the regions of the state. The undertakings of state aid are made public since it’s considered imputable to the state due to the state resources involved. The undertaking of state aid is done in favor of certain production of goods and services due to its selective advantage. Thus, the recipient of state aid is to solve an economic activity thus enhancing the provision of goods and services despite its legal framework. The state aid rules apply to both private and public undertakings weather its run for profit or not. Mandate of the commission on state aid The state aid procedure is developed to ensure smooth and orderly operations of thus avoiding several state aid cases which are likely to come up (E U, 2012). According to EU working paper, the state aid measures and schemes must be notified and approved by the commission before its commencement. The commission the looks at the guidelines and considers its effects before approval. The commission is thus mandated to oversee the adherence of the state aid undertakings with the rules so as to minimize conflicts as possible (Salmon, 2012). Any state aid done without the approval of the commission is considered unlawful and may be recovered without notice. The commission always approves the state aid measures within a period of two months from the period of notification (Salmon, 2012). The commission is mandated to decide whether a measure is aided or not or whether it is added but compatible with market forces and also to investigate the effects of the market forces. The commission is mandated to begin an investigation procedure and carry out an assessment as to determine possible grounds of compatibility. The commission less restri cted with when it comes to investigations and thus able to carry out investigations any time it deems appropriate. The final commission decision closes its formal investigation and it then makes recommendations regarding its findings. The commission recommends whether a measure is an aid and if its aid, the commission determines if it’s compatible with the market forces (Salmon, 2012). Competition Policy in EU. The experience of the global financial crisis of 2008 and is reinforcing a need for dialogue between the policy makers and the relevant stakeholders (ERT, 2012). Its recommendations are to provide better conditions for growth and investments thus promoting entrepreneurship and job creation. It calls for the need to address the effects of globalization, technological changes as well as emerging economic powers that pose challenge societies face. The EU competition policy is crucial to the internal market since it determines the pattern of investment and the levels of pr ofits to be made from businesses (ERT, 2012). The policy aims at preventing jeopardy in the market especially in times of economic crisis and thus ensuring stability in the market. The adoption of EU competition policy ensures a fair competition in the global scale and thus ultimately benefiting both the producers’

Law Justice and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law Justice and Society - Essay Example This can truly be seen in the light of to reform youth justice. The vague nature of constitutional definitions have led a lot of Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership to follow these definitions (Sprigings, 2005), leading to inconsistencies and divergence in the utilization of Asbos. The mixing of incivilities as well as criminal offences clearly discombobulates basic questions of justice. This results in the intensification of anti-social behaviour, as well as fears and anxieties of the public. Dissertation of boundaries during deviancy control, according to Cohen (1985) evades the issue of if a law had actually been broken, it eliminates the difference among public and private furthermore it also penetrates the family, educational institutions and neighbourhood. As the explanation of visions regarding social control recommended, 'classification' is a essential characteristic of the system, and the growth of deviancy control professions makes way for more classification systems to form new categories of deviance, which need to be fulfilled (Brown, 2004:204). It is quite clear that New Labour government favour a general definition. We can consider this kind of control by Foucault theory of discipline and punishment he believes in order to have power one must need knowledge. In a prison the guard has all the power compared to the inmates. According to Foucault (1981), they have the knowledge to watch and keep the prisoners in order. As for the prisoners they realize they are being observed and they realize that they do not have any authority. If a prisoner does something wrong they will be punished, so when they are in their cell they try not to do anything out of the ordinary. The inmates know that if they do something wrong they will be punished by the guards. The fact that the prisoners know they will punish by a guard for misbehaving shows that the guard has the power and is in charge. ASBO and its Success in Youth Justice System The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 was the foremost legislative piece of the New Labour it presented Anti-social behaviour orders along with a lot of other orders regarding sex offender, parenting, o child safety, damages, action plan orders, and custody, so that anti-social behaviour can be appropriately dealt with (www.audit-commission.gov.uk/). This act's main objective is to decrease crime, improve the safety of the community, encourage more successful multi-agency approaches, and develop the trust of the public in the criminal justice system, by means of cooperation with local communities, difficult to reach groups as well as each and every agency of the public sector. The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 finished off the doli incapax, therefore resulting to alterations in youth justice. This order has done a lot for the juvenile justice system as an order may be utilized against an juvenile who is 10 years old or more for acting in an 'anti-social manner' moreover it can be used via the police, local authorities as well as registered social landlords (Campbell, 2002 p 56). The minimum period for an order is 2 years.Breach

A Response to a Historical Essay Based on the US Civil War Essay Example for Free

A Response to a Historical Essay Based on the US Civil War Essay The war as people have known and understood it, has inculcated nothing but violence. Over the history, the remnants of different wars became distinct because of the horrors that it caused and imbibed within the innocent lives of people not involved with it. In addition, those who have actually participated in wars, battleworn and inflicted with such violence can only remember the dreadful effects that it left. However, recent studies and approaches to war histories suggest otherwise. Indeed, there have been numerous horrors inflicted by the war towards innocent victims – women, children, elderly, and the soldiers themselves. But on a different light, the article by Drew Gilpin Faust shows that these wars, although violent and bloody, have brought numerous lessons that only the battlefield can best teach the people. In contrast to the usual and common notion perceiving war as evil and violent, some historians view the war as an enlightening period in the history. Francis Parkman believed that the Americans, who have for so long been vilified by their pursuit for success, will be purified and strengthened after a season of war wherein they shall call out for new ideals and they shall learn to appreciate emotions and sentiments relevant for them to destroy selfishness and greed (Faust, 2004, pp. 369-370). In a distinct manner, the Americans have been dominating the international arena due to their indespensable strength and the supremacy that they hold before less developed and weaker countries. And as such, this rendered the Americans the incapability to become keen of other nations sentiments towards their leadership. And with this, the outcomes of the war can be the only way to bring about worthy realizations towards the Americans. Although no one can deny that in reality, the wars that people have bravely fought caused numerous of lives gone to waste. However, despite the horrors of losing loved ones, comrades and brothers became a necessary sacrifice in order to purify a nation that has been subjected to ill doings and a means to cleanse the people out of their sins committed against their own nation and other nations. It may seem morbid to other people, but more civilians became largely interested in understanding the experiences of the fighters firsthand. Civilians became more willing to feel the sensation because for them, these experiences will render them the ability to become more humane – feeling different sensations and privilege of having emotions for them to grasp (Faust, 2004, p. 372). Those who served the military to cure the wounded became immensely satisfied of their tasks. For them, the patients that they attended to and the wounds that they had to cure introduced them to richer and new insights. And though these may have connoted a great level of violence, nonetheless these experiences explored a great deal out of their humanity. And for those who have endured the battle themselves as soldiers, a number treated such experience with rejoice despite the destruction and chaos that it caused them (Faust, 2004, p. 372). With all these perceptions about wars, Civil War in particular, most of the historians developed greater interests in tackling the horrors and lessons that come with it. The fondness of most of Americans in the wars that they have fought became distinct that most of the historians have dedicated a large amount of their time and career to discover the truth behind the Civil War and the lessons that it has ought to teach the people. As such, over the history, numerous books and studies have been developed that were dedicated to the Civil War. James McPhersons book entitled â€Å"Battle Cry of Freedom† was one of the most celebrated composition and a direct beneficiary of the Civil Wars fame. It turned out to become one of the most respected and famous books that tackled the experiences behind the war. Consequently, the â€Å"Journal of Southern History† also became one of the best compositions that broadly represented the different aspects of the conflicts during the Civil War. Given the significant increase of peoples interest in the war, it is logical to wonder what has triggered the peoples desire to study more about it. Ken Burn explained that the issues confronted during the Civil War era is continously reflecting the contemporary issues that Americans still face today (Faust, 2004, pp. 374-375). In addition to Burns explanation, several writers have also come to the conclusion that people are still interested with the cause and outcome of the Civil War because it has shaped modern Americas society and culture. They believe that the horrors and lessons behind the war, though they are considerably dreaded, are keys to discover Americas roots and origin. The whole point of the article really does make sense. The turnout and effects of the war that it bestowed upon the country, the fighters involved in it, and the greater number of innocent lives who had to bear with the war experiences created a huge impact that is impossible to forget in a lifetime. The different aspects and different angles given to the study of Civil War offered a great amount of help in understanding the fruits and losses behind the incident. As such, such wars and battles mirror the history of America. During the present era, the war that America has fought and is still fighting presents the same outcome – numerous lives lost and land and property devastation. Same with Americas previous war engagement, they invented the war â€Å"in order to control violence† (Faust, 2004, p. 381). Equipped with weak evidences behind Americas attack against Iraq, America has acted in order to create for their country a â€Å"sense of meaning, intention and goal-directedness† (Faust, 2004, p. 381). Again, America was pushed into a war in order to regain superiority and control. Indeed, the wars that America has fought came with distinct lessons despite the unwanted memories and experiences that the wars have unleashed. But despite these horrors, the American government still pushed their nations onto a different battle regardless of what the world has to say about it. It is true, the Civil War taught Americans a great deal of lessons which were learned the hardest and most painful way. But now, they stand the war again – and numerous studies about the wars may not have helped at all. War, from the dawn of the history until the present generation, is still yet a battle that has not been won. Reference Faust, D. G. (2004). We Should Grow Too Fond of It: Why We Love the Civil War. Civil War History. (pp. 368-383). The Kent State University Press.

Juvenile Delinquent Gangs :: essays research papers

Juvenile Delinquent Gangs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a kid I could remember walking to school every day. While on the way to school there was always a group of kids sanding outside of the school walking away. These kids dressed differently and they all whore the same type of clothes. It wasn’t until years later that I was told to stay away from them because they were gangsters. They were gangsters that caused problems to the community. These gangsters would go up to kids and try and jump them into their gang. For them the more members they had the more â€Å"territory they had.† One problem that major cities around the world have is gangs. Most of these gangs are made up of many juvenile delinquents looking for trouble. These gangs tend to hang out in certain places and claim it as their territory. Many of the gang members are drawn together by similar interests, and are brought up in similar neighborhoods. The Social Disorganization Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The social disorganization perspective follows the substance users to their living era and environment. Social disorganization perspective examines why individuals more from one environment to another and how they struggle to adjust to new environment, and how they are lured or forced into substance user, deviance, or criminal activity in the face of difficulty from the new environment or due to their individual maladjustments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand it studies how a particular environment causes stress, disillusion, and disorders among individuals who live in it, and why substance abuse, deviance, crime, and other social problems tend to increase in a time when or in a place where change occurs abruptly Social Class Most of the gang members that have been reported come from the lower social economical class. When these kids are out in the streets they have nothing better to do so they begin go commit delinquent behavior. Since these economically challenged kids have no money to go anywhere they tend to hang round their neighbor hood. These kinds of groups encourage each other to commit criminal activity. Since they feel that if one does it all of them can do it too. Drugs According to the social disorganization perspective gang members do drugs because they are forced into a substance. Drug offences are a common substance that is used and abused in gangs. Most people and kids that do drugs are because of peer pressure. Others reasons why gang members do drugs are because the environment that they are in forces the to do drugs to fit in.

Future of Professional Nursing Development: Impact of the Institute of Medicine Report Essay

Future of Professional Nursing Development: Impact of the Institute of Medicine Report Future of nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health (2010) is a report issued by the Instituted of Medicine, which â€Å"calls on nurses to take a greater role in America’s increasingly complex health care system† (American Nurses Association [ANA], n.d., para. 1). It gives an in-depth look into the future of the profession, while addressing four key messages, the first three of which are directly related to the nursing practice, education, and leadership. According to the report, â€Å"Many members of the profession lack the education and preparation necessary to adapt to new roles quickly in response to rapidly changing health care settings and an evolving health care system† (IOM, 2011, p. 25). This is alarming because nurses comprise a large portion of the system and are often those who provide most of the direct patient care. Education is addressed in one of the report’s key messages, which calls for increasing the number of baccalaureate level nurses to 80% by the year 2020 and doubling the number of doctorate degrees (Rosenberg & Pfeifer, 2012, p. 18). New York State (NYS) nursing leaders are lobbying for a bill that can lead this trend, requiring all nurses to receive a bachelor’s degree within ten years of licensure, which, according to Barbara Zittel, former executive secretary of the NYS BON, can ultimately have a cascade effect on other states (Crowley, 2011). As the health care system changes, nurses are providing care outside of the traditional environment and must be able to assume responsibility in a variety of settings. In anticipation of this even greater responsibility, the IOM recognizes the need for improved nursing education, which, with its multiple points of entry, has been a topic of debate for years. As stated by the IOM, ADN programs continue to be the most common start (IOM, 2011). For example, out of every 8,000 new RNs licensed each year in NYS, 5,000 are prepared at the ADN level (Crowley,  2011). This may be due to the shorter length of education, as well as its lower cost. In fact, cost may be a big factor for some nurses deciding to continue to achieve a BSN. However, new graduates do not have much choice but to find a way to fund their education further as having a BSN for entry into practice is becoming a requirement in many places. Being aware of this issue, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has been asked to investigate it further, although, â€Å"In the end, the committee decided not to include detailed discussion of the costs of nursing education in this report† (IOM, 2011, p. 168). Nonetheless, some recommendations are made; one example is that health care organizations offer tuition reimbursement and stipends as an incentive (IOM, 2011). The need for financial assistance is recognized as one of the features needed â€Å"to expand baccalaureate and higher education programs† (IOM, 2011, p. 176). In light of this, the report ascertains the need to reform and improve education, including the belief that â€Å"diploma programs should be phased out over the next 10 years† (IOM, 2011, p. 175). It is becoming undeniable that reaching at least a baccalaureate level is necessary, especially as more research studies highlight the link between higher education and better patient outcomes. Another key message addressed states, â€Å"Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education† (IOM, 2011, p. 85). The suggestion is to â€Å"lift the constraints of outdated policies, including those related to scope of practice† (IOM, 2011, p.85). The IOM advocates for a national standardization of practice that will enable advanced practice nurses (ADRN) to implement care they were trained and educated to provide, regardless of the location. As a result, APRNs will have the same responsibilities across state lines, which will facilitate their ability to meet the nation’s changing health care needs. Many more people have become insured because of the Affordable Care Act. However, reimbursement issues are limiting the progress of APRNs to practice fully of their educational background, thus limiting â€Å"American public access to the care they want,† which is â€Å"to receive care quickly from a competent person† (Hill, 2012, p. 5). Such barriers not only limit the public’s access to care but also fragment the health care system further. This necessitates a creation of environment with a single goal in mind: patient-centered care, which can be achieved by optimizing APRNs’ role in primary care since â€Å"there are simply not enough physicians to care for an  aging population† (IOM, 2011, p.112). By expanding practice, APRNs can spend more time doing what they have been for years: patient education and coordination of care, thereby leading the system towards a collaborative approach advocated by the IOM. The above recommendations are associated with another key message: full partnership of nurses with other health professionals (IOM, 2011). According to the IOM, better patient outcomes can be achieved by working together â€Å"in a context of mutual respect and collaboration† (IOM, 2011, p. 223). To contribute to this outcome, nurses need to acquire strong leadership skills through higher education and become more involved in issues such as those concerning health policy, thereby transforming to â€Å"thoughtful strategists† (IOM, 2011, p. 223). The report strives to empower nurses to lead â€Å"at every level and across all settings† (p. 225). When looking at the future of nursing based on IOM’s recommendations, it is optimistic but it is also â€Å"entirely dependent on the willingness of the profession to develop the role capacities and leadership essential to make a difference† (Porter-O’Grady, 2011, p. 34). Meeting the goals remains in the hands of the profession to play its full role by advocating and participating in the necessary changes that will ultimately create and more skilled and educated workforce. References

Benefits and Costs of Economic Growth

Economic growth is defined as the sustained increase in real GDP or GNP per capita over time. Economic growth is desirable for an economy as it increases its real national income and standards of living for its people in general. Although it is desirable, economic growth does have its benefits and costs. One benefit would be increased levels of consumption. Provided economic growth outstrips population growth, it will lead to higher real income per head. This can lead to higher levels of consumption of goods and services. With economic growth there will be improvement in business expectations, leading to increase in investment. Firms replace worn-out/ obsolete capital or invest in new capital. There will also be expansion of demand, leading to increased output. Existing idle capacity and unemployed labour are utilised. This result in more people being employed, thus increasing the level of consumption within the country. If human welfare is related to the level of consumption, then growth provides an obvious gain to society. Next, it can help to avoid other macroeconomic problems. People aspire to higher living standards. Without a growth in productive potential, people’s demands for rising incomes are likely to lead to higher inflation, balance of payments crises(as more imports are purchased), etc. Growth in productive potential helps to meet these aspirations and avoid macroeconomic crises. Moreover, economic growth makes it easier to redistribute incomes to the poor. If incomes rise, the government can redistribute incomes from the rich to the poor without the rich losing. For example, as people’s incomes rise, they automatically pay more taxes. These extra revenues for the government can be spent on programmes to alleviate poverty. Without a continuing rise in national income, the scope for helping the poor is much more limited. Society may also feel that it can afford to care more for the environment. As people grow richer, they may become less preoccupied with their own private consumption and more concerned to live in a clean environment. Economic growth, though resulting in many economic and social benefits to the people in the country, is not without its costs. Firstly it could result in reduced current consumption. To achieve faster growth, firms will probably need to invest more. This will require financing. The finance can come from higher saving, higher retained profits or higher taxes. Either way, there must be a cut in consumption. In the short run, therefore, higher growth leads to less consumption, not more. Next, growth involves changes in production: both in terms of the goods produced and in terms of the techniques used and the skills required, the more rapid the rate of growth, the more rapid the rate of change. People may find that their skills are no longer relevant. Their jobs may be replaced by machines. People may thus find themselves unemployed, or forced to take low-paid, unskilled work. A richer society may be more concerned for the environment, but it is also likely to do more damage to it. The higher the level of consumption, the higher is likely to be the level of pollution and waste. What is more, many of the environmental costs are likely to be underestimated due to lack of scientific knowledge. Acid rain and the depletion of the ozone layer have been 2 examples. Lastly, it could deplete our non-renewable resources. If growth involves using a greater amount of resources, rather than using the same amount of resources more efficiently, certain non-renewable resources will run out more rapidly. Unless viable alternatives can be found for various minerals and fossil fuels, present growth may lead to shortages for future generations. In conclusion, economic growth can have both benefits and costs depending on certain factors. Moreover it is desirable as long as the benefits outweigh the costs.

Alcoholism in The Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian Essays

Alcoholism in The Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian Essays Alcoholism in The Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian Essay Alcoholism in The Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian Essay Alcohol In the book The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie, Alexie writes about how alcohol was part of his life and how it affected the people he loves. Junior’s dad is a drunks, Junior’s mom is an ex drunk; they drink so they can forget about the problems they have. Junior’s dad goes to bars and spends the little money they have on booze. Junior’s best friend Rowdy always gets beat up by his dad because he is a drunk; he also beats his wife, and they walk around with bruises on their face, and no one does nothing about it. Junior’s grandma dies after getting hit by a drunk driver while walking on the side of the road on her way home from a powwow. Then Eugene gets shot in the parking lot of 7-11 in a drunken argument over the last drink from a bottle of booze. Junior’s sister Mary and her new husband die of a fire in their trailer after a partygoer started to make some soup and then forgot and left. They were too drunk to notice even there was a fire and they both died. There are many consequences to drinking, since it can affect your life and your loved ones lives. Alcohol can be very devastating because it can make you an aggressive person. Alexie tells us about his friend Rowdy and how Rowdy and his mother were always unhappy because of one person: his father. He was a violent alcoholic who regularly hurt his wife and son. â€Å"His father is drinking hard and throwing hard punches, so Rowdy and his mother are always walking around with bruised and bloody faces† and â€Å"my mother and father are drunks, too† (16).Alcoholism is a great issue in the spoken reservation Rowdy’s father is violent and hits his wife and son but juniors parents are just drunks they are not mean like Rowdy’s father. alcohol can be a way to escape from your life but if you drink too much you can hurt the people you love the most just like Rowdy’s dad. The way that Rowdy’s dad treats his wife and son is unacce

The Definition of Popular Culture in Sociology

The Definition of Popular Culture in Sociology Popular culture is the accumulation of cultural products such as music, art, literature, fashion, dance, film, cyberculture, television and radio that are consumed  by the majority of a societys population. Popular culture has  mass accessibility and appeal. The term popular culture was coined in the 19th century or earlier. Traditionally, it was associated with lower classes and poor education as opposed to the official culture of the upper class. The Rise of Popular Culture After the end of World War II, innovations in mass media led to significant cultural and social changes. Scholars trace the origins of the  rise of popular culture to the creation of the middle class generated by the Industrial Revolution. The meaning of popular culture then began to merge with that of mass culture, consumer culture, image culture,  media culture and culture for mass consumption. John Storey and Popular Culture There are two opposing sociological arguments in relation to popular culture. One argument is that popular culture is used by the elites (who tend to control the mass media and popular culture outlets) to control those below them because it dulls people’s minds, making them passive and easy to control. A second argument is just the opposite, that popular culture is a vehicle for rebellion against the culture of dominant groups. In his book, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, John Storey offers six different definitions of popular culture. In one definition, Storey describes mass or popular culture as a hopelessly commercial culture [that is] mass-produced for mass consumption [by] a mass of non-discriminating consumers.†Ã‚  He further states that popular culture is â€Å"formulaic [and] manipulative,† not unlike how he views the process of advertising.  A product or brand has to be â€Å"sold† to an audience before it can be entrenched in mass or popular culture; by bombarding society with it, it then finds its place in popular culture. Britney Spears is a good example of this definition; her road to stardom and place in popular culture were based on marketing strategies to build look along with her fan base. As a result, she generated millions of fans, her songs were played frequently on numerous radio stations, and she went on to sell out concerts and garner the publics fascination with her meltdown. Like the creation of Britney Spears, pop culture almost always depends on mass production for mass consumption because we rely on mass media to get our information and shape our interests. Pop Culture vs. High Culture Pop culture is the culture of the people and it is accessible to the masses. High culture, on the other hand, isnt meant for mass consumption nor is it readily available to everyone. It belongs to the social elite. The fine arts, theater, opera, intellectual pursuits -   these are associated with the upper socioeconomic strata and require more a high brow approach, training or reflection to be appreciated. Elements from this realm rarely cross over into pop culture. As such, high culture is considered sophisticated while popular culture is often looked down upon as being superficial.

Life of Dementia Patients Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Life of Dementia Patients - Research Proposal Example In the later stages of dementia, patients normally, exhibit signs of time disorientation in the sense that they can say the exact time or even differentiate between day or night. Secondly, at the later stages, dementia patients cannot even be able to tell their exact location, and/ or even identify people they used to know. Thirdly, dementia patients also tend to exhibit a loss of control in their own behaviors as well as emotions. Lastly, dementia patients tend to suffer from impaired problem-solving skills meaning that they cannot also be able to reason properly because of lack of sound mind. Repper and Perkins (2003) noted that for a particular case to be classified as dementia, medical practitioners recommend that the symptoms have to be persistent for a period of more than six months. According to the writings by Repper and Perkins (2003), they stated that persons who have suffered from previous physical impairments are prone to dementia more so those who had a brain injury. Bartlett and O’Connor (2007) on their part stated that most dementia patients are persons above the age of sixty-five i.e. the geriatric population but there have been reported cases of dementia occurring before the age of sixty-five. Because of the unique nature of the dementia symptoms, the nursing requirements for catering for these patients tend to be unique because it is not focused towards ensuring the patients regain their full health back but rather it is focused on enabling the patients to cope with the condition, whilst feel only an insignificant pain or inconveniences caused by the condition. Therefore, it is particularly important to investigate the roles that nurses play in ensuring that dementia patients have a better quality of life despite their condition. The extent, nature, or standard of the nursing care given to dementia patients determines the quality of life the patients have until their death occurs. In this regard, Baldwin (2008) lamented on the fact that because of the rare incidences of dementia cases, there has been a little focus on the role of nurses in providing care to dementia patients.

My Working Experience in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My Working Experience in Business - Essay Example I also provided ideas about advertising and furniture design. Running a business became art by itself for me. I felt more interested in learning to run a business that makes good money promoting art, than doing artistic work alone. While the work experience developed my interest in business, I believe that the Business and Economics program offered by the University of California would provide me the essential knowledge needed to pursue a business career to the next level. As a person who grew up as an aspirant of art, innovation and communication skills will be the two most significant personal attributes that I will bring to the University of California. I believe that my work experience as a sale representative where I was involved in renovating the product lines and the showroom, has demonstrated my ability to introduce and implement new ideas. On the other hand, my experience as an officer of the International Business Club at the Mountain Sac College also enabled me to develop the communication skill needed for a successful career in the business world. When I first started working for the furniture store as a trainee, I was in fact among a group of young people who were hired to bring new ideas to an aging business. At that time, my boss just inherited the store from his uncle. He was trying to revive the fortune of a furniture store whose products were big, well-crafted, durable, but not attractive to new and young customers. To better understand the need for young customers, my boss decided to hire a group of young people, including myself, to give him a new direction of improving his business. Since I did not have any sales or office experience, I was hired as an apprentice. My boss not only wanted me to learn about crafting skill but also made good use of my artistic background to help him refresh our furniture design philosophy.  Ã‚  

NAS Airlines Proposed Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NAS Airlines Proposed Marketing Strategy - Essay Example The company has the capacity to evolve to a hybrid operation model with business class seating. The airline company serves 13 domestic destinations and 11 international destinations. Some of the international destinations include the Sana’a route to Yemen in 2009, direct route to Kochi and Kozhikode, India in 2010, Sharm el Sheikh and Assiut in Egypt, in Turkey the airline started services in 2011 in Istanbul, Antakya, and Adana. The company started its services in Karachi and Lahore in Pakistan in 2011,and in 2013 started operations in Dammam and Yanbu in Khartoum, Sudan (Saudi Arabia Tourism Report 33). The company has recently introduced Global Flights program to offer low cost rates between flights in Jeddah and other regions in Asia, Europe or Africa. The launch of Jeddah-London Gatwick services enabled the firm to become the first low-cost carrier to provide service in United Kingdom market. Flynas is the leader of lost cost carrier in Saudi airline since it sets a new s tandard of efficiency in the region. This year the company has had some key developments that include the launch of global flights route program from Jeddah to London and a daily service between Jeddah and Abha to support the increasing capacity of the domestic routes that will drive economic growth in major cities in the kingdom. The expansion program has been possible since the firm has added 3 airbus aircrafts fitted with business economy cabins that amount to a major leap for the firm in the airline industry. Saudi Arabia Tourism Report Q4 2012 (3) says that Saudi Arabia’s FlyNas ends the domestic monopoly market strategy and currently aims to break in the international circles like other airlines. The low cost operator has managed to launch flights between Riyadh-Gatwick and has plans to build long haul operation from the kingdom. In 2014, the company has been successful in the establishment of flights to Kuala Lumpur, Manchester, Surabaya, Casablanca, and Jakarta

Plato and Mill on the relationship between individual and society Essay Example for Free

Plato and Mill on the relationship between individual and society Essay Plato was born around 428-7 BC, he lived for the most part of his life in Athens, and had much to say about Athenian democracy. Mill was born much later in London in 1806, but although over two thousand years of political philosophy divide the two, much of the same issues and concerns arise in both their work though often with very different outlooks. Despite their differing opinions Plato and Mill are both antithetical, or in other words believe that the tyranny of the majority is to be feared. Plato believes that individuals are selfish and pursue their own self-interests at the expense of the rest of the population, and follow their own moral path. The philosopher individual is epitomised by the Gadfly. The gadfly is referred to by Plato in the Apology, to describe Socrates relationship with the Athenian political scene. Socrates believed he irritated for the purpose of leading people closer to the truth to sting people and whip them into a fury, all in the service of truth. The gadfly describes a person who upsets the status quo by posing lots of questions. Plato states that while the gadfly is easy to swat, the cost to society of silencing an individual simply because of his irritancy could be extremely high. This seems to contradict some of what he has to say on his republic, as he stifles the lower class citizens in the Kallipolis, counting their opinions as obsolete in comparison to the philosophers. The gadfly is also mentioned in the Bible in the Book of Jeremiah also relating to political influence Egypt is a very fair heifer; the gadfly cometh, it cometh from the North. Plato believes that Democracy fosters the wrong kind of individual, hence the Kallipolis, which is the inverse of Democracy, designed to bring about the right way of living. In Platos view, an individual is fulfilled by the contribution that he or she makes to the overall functioning of the community, and the Kallipolis is designed to make this possible for everyone. Platos state also respects the individuality of its members and treats them equally. In Platos republic, the state limits the freedom of its individuals, but only to ensure that all the members receive the same amount of freedom. In effect, Plato believes that the repression of individual freedom results in equal freedom for the society as a whole. This is contrasted to Mill, whose view is that, excluding children, the individual is sovereign over himself, his body and his mind. Interference in an individuals beliefs or actions is wrong. Unless it is known that one is inflicting harm upon another, interference is not justified. Mill has three liberties that are the hallmark of a free society- the first is the freedom of thoughts and sentiment on all subjects, including freedom of expression and publication. The second liberty is the freedom of taste; the fact that others may disapprove of an individuals actions or beliefs, is not justified by Mill as the basis of interference, for example homosexuality. The third and final liberty necessary for a free society is the freedom of individuals to unite as long as the resulting union does not lead to others being harmed as a result. Mill forbids coercion and deception within the union, as he believes it is unjustified to have a direct negative impact on the utility of others (this does not involve doing something which someone else does not agree with). Mill encourages individualism and self-development or human flourishing as he believes that it will only benefit society, as the individuals will be able to contribute more if they reach their full potential and are allowed to develop their own ideals and opinions. Mill has concerns over the limits of which power can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual. Safeguards are necessary to ensure that the majority does not suppress the minority. Mankind would be no more justified in silencing one person, than that one person; if he had the power would be justified in silencing mankind. Plato believes that false opinions could be dangerous to society, whereas Mill would say they were necessary in order to help obtain the truth, something that we as humans so desperately strive to obtain. Plato believes that satisfying our desires is something scarcely worth caring about, whereas Mill would encourage us to do so as long as it brings utility rather than harm. Free discussion in Mills opinion will only aid us in getting closer to the truth, as who is to decide what is true if there is no proof? A combination of views, questions and opinions are better than one view or opinion that is decided to be true, and not questioned. There are always people who will disagree with something that others agree with, so who is right? Plato believes that in order to have a productive and harmonious society, conditioning or training is necessary to ensure that the members actual desires coincide as far as possible with their real desires, thus reducing conflict. Mill would argue that this is in a sense brainwashing the individuals to believe that they are happy and that they are fulfilling desires, when in fact they are only fulfilling what the Philosopher Kings have told them they desire. Plato believes in critical freedom, which the Kallipolis is intended to provide to its members as much as their nature permits, Mill however believes in actual freedom in which all is permitted but harm (The Harm Principle). Mills rejection of social contracts is accompanied with the acceptance of certain rules of conduct in our dealing with others in return for the protection we receive from society. For example, we are bound to observe and respect the rights of others and according to him As soon as any part of a persons conduct affects prejudicially the interests of others, society has jurisdiction over it. Otherwise Mill states that foolish actions do not deserve penalties, and that mature individuals should be left to develop and coagulate their own views and act on their own impulses. All society can do is help educate its members as to what is moral and immoral before they reach the state of maturity and therefore the freedom they have a right to. Platos similes are used to demonstrate the negative aspects of democracy and Athenian politicians. The simile of the cave is used to show how politicians will conceal the truth from the people (represented by the prisoners). The people are ignorant and do not possess the knowledge that they deserve. The prisoners are bound and only have a view of the wall in front of them, there is a fire behind them, between them and the wall is nothing. All that the prisoners can see are shadows of themselves, and of the objects behind them. The prisoners naively believe that the shadows are real as they have nothing else upon which to base their knowledge. One of the prisoners manages to escape from the cave, and in the light of the sun sees the real world for the first time. He realises that all this time he was deceived by shadows. This man, if according to Plato is in possession of the capacity for knowledge and wisdom will feel it is his duty to go back to the cave, release his fellow prisoners and enlighten them. The other prisoners are hard to persuade however, as his exposure to the sunlight renders him unable to see the shadows as clearly as before, and so the prisoners just think that he is less intelligent than when he was trapped. Plato justifies the Philosopher Kings lying to the people in order to protect them. Plato argues the necessity of a structured organised society separate from the outside world in which every individual reaches their maximum potential and has a fundamental part to play in contributing all they can to their community as a whole. Education is available to all members of the Kallipolis regardless of gender. Mill states in his introductory chapter to On Liberty that the struggle between liberty and authority is the most conspicuous feature. Mill developed a principle to counteract what he calls the interference of collective opinion on an individuals independence, this principle was called the Liberty principle. Mill and Plato have different styles of communicating their points, Mill expresses his ideas in the form of discursive arguments, Plato however expresses his ideas in the form of dialogue, something which Mill praises Plato for regardless of their conflicting conclusions. Platos Kallipolis, or utopia is designed as a hierarchical state consisting of three different classes, the Producers, the Auxiliaries, and the Guardians. These three different classes will have very different experiences of life, and which one they will lead depends on their capacity for knowledge. The three classes experience different upbringings, and receive different levels of education. Plato contradicts himself, he says that all people in the Kallipolis should be friends and equals yet he also unashamedly states that the Producers will not be able to choose how they wish to live their lives, and that their opinions are the least worthy. The Producers are in effect not free, but rather slaves to their senior ranking class, the Guardians. The Producers are thought to be the least intelligent mass of the population, and they are therefore expected to trust and believe their rulers. This is justified by Plato because it is better for them to be under the control of divine wisdom something that the minority of the population possess, and what makes those that do worthy to rule over all others. Platos belief is that if these less intelligent people are allowed to think freely, then they will make the wrong choices, and an individual is only worth what they contribute to their community as a whole. This means that personal desires are not as important as the overall functioning of the community, which is immaculately ruled by the Philosopher Kings who have the ability to learn and retain the knowledge leaded to rule and guide the citizens of the Kallipolis. Mills views contradict these of Platos; his liberalist view is that the individual is important in creating the desired environment within the state and is worthy of reaching their full potential in all areas. Mill considers freedoms of opinion and of actions necessary, and his Harm Principle was made to help protect other individuals from being hurt. Mill believes that individuals have a fundamental right to discover and develop their knowledge to their maximum capacity with the absence of a priori constraints. Platos view on the freedom of individual development of knowledge is that it is the despotism of custom. Mill prioritises the freedom of thought and expression; he believes that unless we push an argument to its absolute limit, then we cannot claim to fully understand it. Mill says that we must listen to everyone, even those that offend us, or those who we believe to be irrelevant. Mills justification for this is that if one person speaks out against an otherwise unanimous society about a certain topic, and they are right, then they could enlighten the mass to the truth. If they speak out and are found to be wrong, then they have simply helped the mass come closer to the truth by falsely opposing it. Platos analogy of the Beast shows how politicians will keep society happy in the short term, while not regarding what is best for them in the long term. It works on the basis of keeping the people satisfied rather than truly doing what is best for them (according to Plato). The keeper of the Beast manipulates it with what is wants at the time by giving it treats, with no regards for its health. It is made clear however that the Beast is manipulating the keeper too, by getting what it currently desires out of him. For this reason Plato says that freedom to do what one wants when ignoring the absolute truth, or the long term real effects of certain action or decision can be damaging to the inward domain of consciousness. Similarly, his analogy of the Ship of State depicts his attitude on Athenian democracy. The captain of the ship is stronger than any of the crew, but he lacks the skill of working on and handling the boat. The crew argue over who should be in control, and beg the captain to allow them to take control of the ship. Those who succeed turn the voyage into a drunken pleasure cruise. The true navigator or star-gazer is overlooked by his fellow men although he is the only one skilled enough to actually guide the ship, he possesses the art of navigation, and seamanship. He is unable to gain the control needed to steer the ship to safety. The captain represents Athenian citizens responsive only to the rhetoric of the crew, the crew represent the politicians, they are manipulative and are not concerned with the truth, but rather power. Plato says that eventually the crew will ask the navigator for help, sacrificing their freedom and control for their safety and social benefit. The navigator is capable of using his knowledge of astronomy (knowledge of Being) to help guide the ship and those on it through a world of constantly changing and sometimes-dangerous weather conditions (the world of Becoming). The crew must surrender to the navigator, as he possesses not opinions or beliefs, but facts. The crew have to recognise his superior knowledge and therefore his authority, although they would fail to do so if it did not ultimately benefit them. Mill would argue that this analogy is incomplete, for the crew are able to be taught the skill of navigation themselves and do not need to rely solely on the star-gazer, wouldnt a crew of capable navigators be better than just one? Mill would argue that it is vital for the well being of the state to be able to argue against the truth. He argues the positive value of blasphemy as it challenges assumptions that are established as being right or wrong. We can criticise Mill for assuming that all individuals are capable of being rational and having rational thoughts and discussions. Equally, Plato fails to recognise the need for questioning and testing and assumes that people will accept sacrificing their freedom because he tells them too. If the tyranny of the majority is to be feared then why would Plato put the minority in power, and deprive the majority of control over their lives and the lives of their children? Mill and Plato hold the same or similar views on the issue of gender. Plato says that all citizens of the Republic, male or female will have access to equal education, as gender is obsolete when knowledge is the main focus, although a woman could never become a Philosopher Ruler. In 1869 Mill wrote The Subjection of Women, in which he encouraged and supported equal rights for both genders. Mill encouraged the equal rights for women on the basis of utility. He argued that we could not criticise women for being less skilled than men if we did not give them equal opportunity to try. He also said that society could not be at its best when half the population could contribute nothing to society outside of the home. Plato had a number of conditions that he says will help maximise the usefulness of all members of society, the stories which children are told must be authorised, and there is the censorship of music and the restriction of meat and fish unless it is roasted. Children are to be removed from their parents and are not to know who their parents are and visa versa. They are to call all males old enough father and all females mother, the purpose of this was to minimise private possessive emotions therefore reinforcing their focus on their relationship with their community. Deformed children and children of inferior breeding will be put away in some mysterious unknown place as they ought to be. The works of Homer and Hesiod, two of the earliest Greek poets are banned, as they encourage their readers to fear death, and depict the heavens as being filled with the inextinguishable laughter of the blessed Gods. Plato on the other hand banned loud laughter. Mill would argue that this repression is an infringement of basic human rights, and the suppression of individual development and human flourishing will do nothing but hinder the development and progression of mankind. How can society benefit if most individuals are at a disadvantage as to developing their own unique skills? Plato classifies people in three groups, as gold, the best members of society fit to be guardians, as silver members fit to be soldiers, and the common herd of brass and iron, fit only to be the producers. This is what Plato describes as the one royal lie used to deceive both the rulers, and the rest of the city, if he can justify lying about Gods creation of the three differing classes of people then why is he justified in choosing which one they belong to? Breeding is organised with the strongest members of society used simply to keep the population constant and as best bred as they can be. The strongest of sires are allowed to have the most children and the weaker ones less. The fundamental difference between Mill and Plato is that while Plato wished to radically change the structure of society in order to condition and force the people to behave and think in a certain way, Mill would leave the people to develop naturally, yet offer them all the education and teaching needed to steer them away from negative things and intervene only when one is inflicting harm upon another. Mills two main criticisms of Platos republic are that the proper function of the state is to regulate behaviour, not to encourage one or anothers set of belief or values. The second is that tolerance should be restricted to cases where it does not undermine the moral foundations of the community. He would argue that social bigotry should be restrained for the sake of encouraging freedom of thought and expression. Mill endorses Grotes admiration of Athenian tolerance, as tolerance is a necessity and encourages genius as a society may have persons of talentbut genius in such a soil is fatally stunted in its growth. Plato on the other hand criticises Athenian tolerance on the basis that the maintenance of public emotions requires repression by both law and by non-legal sanctions. He held the belief that Athenian tolerance undermines civic spirit required for the furtherance of the tolerant society itself. Aristotle, a student of Platos born in 384BC stated that it is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it. It is interesting that somebody taught by Plato would recognise the need for the self-development of opinion, something that Mill believes to be essential for a progressive society. Mill states that his father taught him to value Plato and his contributions to philosophy, and he says that he does just that. He called himself a pioneer when he began his translations of Platos work. Perhaps this was because he believed that the time that separated the two philosophers had made way for changes albeit dramatic, to Platos ideas that would concur with the modern world. Mill criticised Plato for trying to show that virtue is in the individuals interest, but also for attempting to give justification that virtue should be preferred at all. Neither Plato nor Mills work is flawless, so criticisms can be made on their errors and self-contradictions, yet both of these men helped advance philosophy immensely, and provided the basis of much discussion and debate. For Mill, freedom is necessary and desirable by both the individual and society. For Plato however freedom is not of fundamental concern; it is far more important to live according to the eternal and immutable truths. Herein lays the biggest contrast in the works of these two influential philosophers as regards the relationship between the individual and society.